What must be specified when issuing holding instructions?

When issuing holding instructions, it is essential to specify the holding fix or waypoint, direction of holding, and the radial or course. This information provides the pilot with clear and precise guidance on how to enter and maintain the holding pattern.

The holding fix or waypoint identifies the location where the aircraft will hold. Specifying the direction of holding (for example, clockwise or counterclockwise) informs the pilot how the aircraft should orbit around the fix. Additionally, providing either a radial or course ensures that the pilot understands the correct orientation to maintain while in the hold, which is crucial for managing air traffic and ensuring safety in the airspace.

This level of detail is necessary to avoid any confusion and to facilitate efficient air traffic management, enabling pilots to effectively understand their position and the expectations for their maneuvering within the holding pattern.